It is an economical and versatile corrosion resistant alloy suitable for a wide range of general purpose applications. If we know the Reynolds number and the roughness - the friction coefficient - λ - in the particular flow can be calculated. 36%, respectively. Elkay Dayton Stainless Steel 31-7/8″ x 31-7/8″ x 7. The alloys are used widely in. Typical uses of 304 stainless steel include sinks, kitchen equipment such as pans, tubing and much more. Mechanical Engineer. 463 0. 5mm Stainless Steel Sheet. 5 Non-ferrous Aluminum alloys 2,500 - 2,900 2. Based on the rating of 160 Brinell B-1112 steel, the machinability of metal machinability chart is expressed as a percentage. [14] applied LMD process to repair the 304 austenite stainless steel (SS304) substrates with the large volume trapezoidal grooves. 1. Alfredo Davila Aaron Mechanical Engineer Published Mar 28, 2019 + Follow The constant volume law. - copper. 0. Both fasteners are stainless steel. I have tried it today and it doesn't seem to give exactly the result I was expecting. Steel Cold Rolled 200 (93) . It is still sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived from the nominal composition of type 304 being 18% chromium and 8% nickel. 3CR12 was designed as a corrosion resisting steel and, as such, will exhibit staining when exposed to aggressive atmospheric conditions. 309 stainless steel. Bend Radii And K Factors For 304 Stainless Steel. 3) X10-6 m/ (m °C). The following data sheet summarize the minimum strength of SS304 in various versions of ASTM standards. It has. 61 Polished Sheet 100 (38) . 1. FIRST - AID MEASURES First Aid – Skin Seek medical help for serious cuts or lacerations or if irritation from contact with dusts persists. 0, 115 metric. The K-factor is defined mathematically as t/Mt, where t is the neutral axis location and Mt is the material thickness. Cryogenic coolant offered superior surface finish than traditional flood cooling owing to the reduction in tool wear. Knowing both. 1 mm can be made in polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. 5 (500 ℃) Coefficient of thermal expansion, (10-6 /K) 15. The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through ASME/ANSI B36. 1. Stainless steel grade 430 is capable of resisting oxidation up to 870°C (1598°F) in intermittent usage, and up to 815°C (1499°F) in continuous usage. Pull toward one side of the stainless steel sheet toward the score line with your gloved hands to bend the sheet. Stainless steel roof: • S30400 stainless steel • Measuring: 280 × 96m • Sheathed with 23,000m2 of 0. Fig. Materials and Methods Austenitic 1. 105 Inches. 25m) 3000mm x 1500mm (3m x 1. ASME. 75-. Mathematically k factor value is equal to the ratio of position of neutral axis and sheet thickness. Stainless steel pipes are pipes made of stainless steel, which is a type of steel alloy with a minimum of 10. 3-0. 5656 South Pennsylvania AvenueAISI 301 Stainless Steel (UNS S30100) AISI 301 stainless steel (UNS S30100) is the most susceptible to cold deformation strengthening among conventional austenitic stainless steels. T = 1 \text { mm} T = 1 mm. Austenitic grades are the most commonly used and accounts for more than 70% of production with type 304 the most common. Most aluminum alloys will become dangerously soft at around 400C (roughly 750F), whereas the melting point of 304 stainless steel sits around 1400C (roughly 2550F). More Details About Each Stainless Steel Grade. For example, for 304 stainless steel, the percentage ranges from 20% to 22%, but for H-series soft aluminum, the range is between 13% and 15%. strain rate for AISI 304. If the aluminum is not anodized, the wear rate is extremely severe. Stainless Steel A286 is a precipitation-hardenable super-alloy based on iron. e. Figure 5 shows the k values for 316 and 304 stainless steel against fatigue life Nf. More power is required to machine grade 304. This tool allows you to determine tonnage, internal radius, V-die opening and minimum flange. 9: Strontium: 22. 44 (cr4/hr4) stainless steel 0. 7 Stainless steel 304 has good resistance to oxidation in intermittent service up to 870°C and in continuous service to 925°C. The neutral axis is a shifty guy; that is, it shifts toward the inside of the bend. Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 316. Type 316L stainless steel density is 0. The constant volume law. 304/304L) and EN 1. 27 mm ) 0. 1 mm can be made in polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. 5 15 4000 30° R1 16v 0. 28 Steel, Unoxidized 212 (100) . Metal. It is this element that reacts with the oxygen in the air to form a. In this instance 304L is recommended due to its resistance to carbide precipitation. Best way to calculate the value of k factor in sheet metal is by reverse engineering. World Material 153 posts. Clear. 1 in (inch) = 25. While type 316L substitutesInterrelation between acoustic emission (AE) and stress intensity factor (K) has been examined using data generated during deformation of a series of single edge-notched tensile specimens. 037” | 0. 433 0. 079 0. Nature of the grain boundary and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) The grain boundary energy in type 304 stainless steel is known ( Murr 1975) to vary from 20 to 835 mJ/m 2. Bend Radii And K Factors For 304 Stainless Steel. 5% is ideal. 0mm. Friction Factor of Stainless Steel Pipes. Page 2. 4404 are also known as grades 316 and 3164L respectively. 03 m/s) and different loads (6 N, 15 N) with and without lubricant (liquid vaseline) were carried out. k. Naturally, the latter materials will not last as long as the former, but that is part of the design plan for those plants; i. The quality of welded joints was. 5. An average and commonly used value for the K-factor is 0. 1 very often which confuses me. 4404 (AISI 316/316L), ferritic grade EN 1. The lower carbon content in 304L minimizes deleterious or harmful carbide precipitation as a result of welding. K factor depends on material, thickness and machine. When machining stainless steel,. 4×50. The quality of the water regarding the health and safety of consumers is a matter of the utmost importance in the urban water-consuming system [3,. The high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic properties, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures make Grade 304 Stainless Steel suitable for use in a variety of industrial sectors. Page: F_102905. 5% nickel whereas 430 contains 0%. 9539 0. ) Coefficient of Expansion. On the one hand, 304 SS can handle heat well. Abstract. The absence of nickel in 430 means that this grade of stainless steel will likely crack or fail if compared to pressing 304. Mechanical Engineer. 063” | 1. Notably, 304 contains between 8 – 10. The presence of chromium creates an invisible surface film that resists oxidation and makes the material “passive” or corrosion resistant. When selecting a stainless steel for any corrosive environment, it is always best to consult with a corrosion engineer and, if possible, conduct tests. In applications where aesthetic appearance is important, it is recommended that 3CR12 is painted, or a higher grade should be used. Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 o C. 316. The K-factor is the ratio of the neutral axis position to the total material thickness. Let’s start with 90 degrees bend which is the most simple. <br/> <br/> I am primarily processing stainless steel, 304 and 316, with a range of thickness. 5 min read If you're working with sheet metal, you are very likely to add a bend to your part. 33: K factor:. Step 5. The flow stress at 0. This means that the neutral axis cannot migrate past the midpoint of the material (i. 5 µm”. On the other hand, 316 SS functions well in temperatures above 1550 ℉ and below 850°F. 078” | 1. 3 1. 304 on 304 will gall at low stress (maybe a couple of ksi according to Armco). 9300 Handyflo-120 Silver Solder Lucas-Milhapt, Inc. Depending on grade, the coefficient varies in the range of (10-17. Stainless Steel2 indicates that austenitic stainless steels suffer from the same types of distortion during welding as carbon steel, but the higher coefficient of expansion (17 μm/m°C versus 12 μm/ m°C for carbon steel) and the lower thermal conductivity (approximately 30% of carbon steel) increase distortion of austenitic stainless steel. The tool can calculate the required bending force for bending aluminum, stainless steel, mild steel, and Weldox® or Strenx® high-strength steels. 51mm ) 0. Stainless steel materials, we can use the data to calculate the weight of relative theory, the calculating formula is. 17-4 PH is more resistant to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC) than 304 stainless steel, making it ideal for coastal and marine applications. 239. 3 x 10-6 /°C. 5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger K-Factors are possible. Get Started. I have tried it today and it doesn't seem to give exactly the result I was expecting. 56% and 7. 237 in) (16700 psi) (0. 11 to 0. A few suffixes used with 304 with the major alterations in chemical composition are shown in below table-. It is the most versatile and most widely used stainless steel available, even though a wide range of alternatives are available; and has excellent forming and welding characteristics. Z 6 CND 17-12. 3. 55 8. Ad. 0015-0. I founded this site back in 2011 intending to provide solutions to various engineering and programming problems. (2012). A660/A660M-21 Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service. Weight per Square Foot. To understand the k-factor, you need a firm grasp of a few basic terms, the first being the neutral axis. AISI 304 is also commonly known as 18/8 steel as it contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Stainless steel grade 304N has better corrosion resistance than grade 302, and is mostly non-magnetic in nature; however when cold worked it acquires a slightly magnetic quality. •G is the geometry factor •qis the thermal conductivity integral. 4436) have very similar physical and mechanical properties, but their primary difference remains in their resistance to corrosion in different environments: 304 Stainless Steel. 40 stainless steel pipe with temperature 100 o F, allowable stress 16700 psi, quality factor E = 0. Kraus Premier Kitchen 33″ Drop-In 18 Gauge Stainless Steel 60/40 Double Bowl Kitchen Sink. For tubing of 304 / 304L stainless steel, replace SS in the ordering number with 304L. 1. 22Stainless Steel 296 x 10 -5 35 x 10–5 Copper 326 x 10 -5 44 x 10 -5. In addition to this, the nickel content in type 316 stainless steel is higher than that in type 304 stainless steel. Above all, it becomes essential to make sure that you’re shopping for it from an eligible fabricator. Heat Treated Medium Alloy Steel Heat Treated Alloy Steel: Low Alloy Steel 304 Stainless Steel: 316 Stainless Steel Carbide Solution Treated 304 S/S: Product available as Domestic or Import Low Carbon Steel: ASTM A193 Grade B7 304 Stainless Steel: 316 Stainless Steel ASTM A193 Grade B8: ASTM A193 Grade B8M 1/4 - 2 1/2" 1/2 - 4" 1/2 - 3" All All. Low carbon content means less carbide precipitation in the heat-affected zone during welding and a. To achieve stainless corrosion resistance, the amount of chromium (Cr) should not be less than 13%. This Table is applicable to Never-Seize paste and Fel-Pro lubricant, K=0. d = Pitch Diameter (m) K Df = Nut Friction Diameter (m) μ = oefficient of Friction Fastener Material Coefficient of Friction (μ) K-Factor 304 Stainless Steel 0. 304 Stainless steel: 316 Stainless steel: Chemical Composition: Chromium – 18%, nickel – 8%: Chromium – 16%, Nickel – 10%, Molybdenum – 2%: Corrosion. 3 W/m-k (100°C) Modulus of Elasticity (MPa): 193 x 103 in tension. Shane. Incidentally,this is the largest category of stainless steels. g. 0. 060" 0. , 𝜒 phase, Lave phase, etc. Hot rolled steel: 0. BA= 2 pi x (inside radius + half thickness) x angle of bend in degrees / 360, as a formula 2 x 22/7 x (R + T/2) x A/360 if you are working on outside radius formula becomes 2 x 22/7 x (R - T/2) x A/360. 780 NW 185th Ave #304 was built in 2007 and last sold on July 31, 2020 for $220,000. One cubic meter of 304 stainless steel weighs 7,930 kg. 0015-0. Thermal conductivities of common metals, metallic elements aand alloys. AISI 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) is the most widely used austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel. X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03. 467 0. 5% chromium and usually nickel, and may also. 61 Polished Sheet 100 (38) . Surface Material. To calculate K-factor: Enter the material thickness, T = 1 mm. 5389. 2, as per my machine design textbook (V. 14 Mild Steel, Polished 75 (24) . On the one hand, 304 SS can handle heat well. 1. 446. K-factor (aeronautics), the number of pulses expected for every one volumetric unit of fluid passing through a given flow meter. Introduction American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) type 304 is the foundation of 300 series austenitic stainless steels is by far the oldest, largest and most important group in the stainless steel range [1]. Below is a chemical breakdown of 304 steel: <=0. 2" | 5. ). The wear against anodized aluminum is equivalent to that with the carbon steel, while cast iron and stainless steel seem to double the wear rate. 0: Steel Stainless Ferritic (410) 9. This article investigates the effect of various degrees of plastic deformation introduced by cold rolling at ambient temperature on the tensile properties of AISI 304 stainless steel. Although the melting range of 304 is higher than 316, they both have good resistance to oxidization in intermittent service up to 870°C (1500℉) and in continuous service at 925°C (1697℉). Red Flag This Post. In addition, nickel (Ni) or molybdenum (Mo) may be added to enhance the effect. 85 Ground Sheet 1720-2010 (938-1099) . The results shown in Fig. ). Cold Rolled Steel. Snow, T. A Columbium Stabilized Austenitic Stainless Steel with Excellent Resistance to Intergranular Corrosion After Exposure to Temperatures in the Chromium Carbide Precipitation Range of 800–1500°F (427–816°C) Alloy 347/347H 01/2013 SANDMEYER STEEL COMPANY ONE SANDMEYER LANE. Manufacturer: Viking. SS304 density is 7,930 kg/m3 (0. ₹ 145 / Kg. Can someone explain how to properly setup and use a k-factor based bend table. 9. Other elements, such as nickel or molybdenum are added to increase corrosionfactor range (the so-called Paris Law), and use this to analytically estimate the number of load cycles required to grow an existing crack from an initial size to a final size. 316 stainless steel—it's the most common question pertaining to stainless steel grades. 86-Rubber (60 A Belt). The K-factor also increases with harder materials such. AISI 304 stainless steel composition mainly consists of 18% chromium and 8% nickel, and other. 67-459. It’s so durable that it is often used in engineering applications. To learn more about the differences among stainless steels, feel free to read our article on the type of stainless steel. The corrosion resistance of stainless steels means that the surface characteristics, including frictional properties, are unlikely to be affected in service due to corrosion issues, provided the correct grade has been selected. Tables for pipe roughness and kinematic viscosity are also included. 304 Stainless Steel – 14 gauge ( 0. Stainless steel 7,600 - 8,100 5. 5. They are a combination of martensitic and austenitic steels. 4 Btu/ft·h·°F at 212 °F), yield. 15 8. 2. 55-. 8 Square Head; Low Head Socket Cap Screws. 000. 351” 0. Hsu, T. The range of Machinability is vast and spans from about 40% for difficult to machine steels, such as bearing steel ( SAE 52100 / DIN 100Cr6) up to Ledloy free-cutting steel (SAE 12L14 / DIN 9SMnPb36) that has a machinability rate of about 170%. 8×12. gov Stainless steel is a type of steel that contains less than 2% carbon (C) and more than 2% iron. These grades contain 25% chromium and 20% nickel, making them highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion. It has high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good hardness and wear resistance. 304 AND 316 STAINLESS STEEL PROOF LOAD, LBS 1750 4250 5850 7800 12400 TENSILE STRENGTH MIN. 304 Stainless Steel. Type 304L stainless steel is an extra-low carbon version of the 304 steel alloy. Stainless steel grade 304 is the most commonly used stainless steel. Stainless Steel Welding Characteristics By definition, stainless steels are iron-base alloys containing 10% or more chromium, which imparts to the metal the corrosion-resistant properties for which stainless steels are so highly regarded. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Thermal Conductivity - k - is the quantity of heat transmitted due to an unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of the unit area. 5. In both cases, the nickel content is about the same around 8-10%. However, it is not corrosion resistant and must therefore have some type of coating to protect it from corrosion. SUS304 material is a Japanese JIS standard and the most commonly used stainless steel, containing 18% Cr and 8% Ni. The average Density of Stainless Steel is 8000 Kg/m3, which is slightly heavier than Carbon Steel. 030. g. . 4301) and stainless steel 316 (EN steel number 1. 10/19 schedule 40 steel pipes. thick, we multiply this thickness by the K-factor to arrive at 0. Microform Precision, LLC 4244 South Market Court, Suite A Sacramento, CA 95834 Phone: (916) 419-0580 Fax: (916) 419-0577 Email: info@mform. 001 and 0. We work on material from 6061-T6 aluminum to AISI 304 stainless, ranging anywhere from 20ga to as thick as 3/8 plate. To extract the experimental data and to predict the mechanical properties, the tensile tests are conducted at three different strain rates (0. 2. Stainless Steel Stainless steel is a family of iron-based alloys that must contain at least 10. 18: Cadmium-Plated: 0. Swagelok 316 stainless steel tube fittings in 1/4 to 1 in. 4301 and 1. Low-carbon steel (annealed) 0. The name comes from their stable metallurgical structure at room temperature. 166: S-440-X: 4-40. 6. 045” 304 Stainless Steel – 20 gauge ( 0. 316 stainless steel funnels are more corrosion resistant than 304 stainless steel funnels. 4401, 1. For instance, austenitic stainless steels like AISI 304 and 316 exhibit exceptional corrosion resistance and typically deliver smoother surfaces compared to other. K. 07% . 07" 500 (260) . The constant volume law governs the bending process, the bend material particles distribution, and deformation types are also crucial for this process. Sensitized type 304 stainless steel has lower ductility than annealed type 304 when tested in air; in hydrogen gas the absolute and relative reduction in area is lower for sensitized type 304 thanCalculate K factor, bend allowance and Y factor for sheet metal bending. This issue can be overcome with annealing. The capacity factor is determined through experience and for each application it is influenced by the type and style of mist eliminator, the relative geometry of mist eliminator to vapor flow, as well as process considerations such as operating pressure, fluid viscosities and liquid surface tension. R. 14 × 10 17 MPa −1 s −1. Grades of stainless steel in the 18-8 series include, but not limited to; 302, 303, 304 and XM7. 8 mm mild steel sheet with a 0. Melting Range: 2550-2650°F (1399-1454°C) We offer a wide range of 304 stainless steel options to meet your various needs. 304 stainless steel is generally perfect for applications that require good corrosion resistance, such as cooking utensils, while 410 stainless steel is suitable for applications that require hardness and wear resistance. 304 17. PREN is commonly used to rank the susceptibility of stainless steel and nickel-base alloys,. Conductivity in Aluminum. The carbon diffusion to the grain boundary is slower by the factor 8. gov) UTSA. The range of Machinability is vast and spans from about 40% for difficult to machine steels, such as bearing steel ( SAE 52100 / DIN 100Cr6) up to Ledloy free-cutting steel (SAE 12L14 / DIN 9SMnPb36) that has a machinability rate of about 170%. The defining features of 304 stainless steel are its inclusion of at least 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel, which is why it. Each material has advantages and disadvantages. Product Code: SSH-1. Achieving Proper Bolt Torque: An Introduction to K-Factor. The tensile strength of austenitic stainless steel varies from 75,000 to 105,000 psi. It is difficult to perform cold working in grade 330 stainless steel as the steel has high strength and work hardening rate. Cold rolled steel: 0. Mathematically k factor value is equal to the ratio of position of neutral axis and sheet thickness. This article summarizes the thermal conductivity of stainless steel 304 and 316 at various temperatures in annealed condition, also other stainless steel grades. The AISI numbering system: namely 200, 300, and 400 Series numbers. Stainless Steel Prices/Nickel Prices. Introduction. The experiments were carried out on nuclear and commercial grade AISI type 304 stainless steel sheet specimens of different thickness. We provide two different calculators to calculate the value of the k-factor. 8 Steel BZP 0. AISI 304 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 Strain rate (1/s) Stress (MPa) Rp0,2 Rp2,0 Figure 1. 73 °F: Minimum Service Temperature: 0: 0: K-459. Notes: 1 g/cm3 = 1 kg/dm3 = 1000 kg/m3; 1 μΩ·m = 1 Ω·mm²/m. 35 . The method correcting point-by-point the true stress-strain data in the range of non-uniform deformation by the use of finite element analysis has been introduced for stainless steel [24, 32]. All stainless steels contain a minimum of 10. 2. Sheet Metal Bending Calculator. 5 ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS OF STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES Summary Although Ra values are commonly used to describe surfaces, the limits of this indicator should not be forgotten. Tank Material:304 Stainless Steel Note:€For low quantity purchases, enclosed truck can be requested Housing Material:304 Stainless Steel w/ Corrosion Resistant Cover Band, RemovableWe are going to review three bending scenarios with three different bending angles; 60, 90 and 120, and we will calculate K-Factor, Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction for them. while stainless steel plates can be calculated based on 1. A781/A781M-21 Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use. steel shapes and built-up members (Refs. 3Adding nickel to stainless steel in sufficient amounts, changes the microstructure to “austenite”. One disadvantage of 304 is that it is non-hardenable by heat treatment. It contains at least 10. Roughness (mm) Drawn Tubing, Glass, Plastic. Its carbon content is ≤0. The emissivity coefficient - ε - for some common materials can be found in the table below. 0μm was between 0. Text is available under the Creative Commons. 304 0,07 1,00 2,00 0,045. 2 × 9. The test results showed that the scatter of fatigue life depends on the geometry of the components. duplex stainless steel with a 22% Cr, 5% Ni and 3% Mo compo-sition available as UNS S31803 or the dual certified UNS S31803/S32205. This article summarizes the thermal conductivity of stainless steel 304 and 316 at various temperatures in annealed condition, also other stainless steel grades. Copper, Ductile Iron, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel and Aluminum Piping Materials - Temperature Expansion Thermal expansion of typical piping materials. The Machinability is mainly affected by: Carbon (C): 0. 4. Grade 316 is an austenitic grade second only to 304 in commercial. This video is about how to find the K Factor in sheet metal This video will show you how to cut and fold the sheet metal in a way that you can find the real. Material Machinability Chart - Machinability of Metals The metal with a machinability rating smaller than 100% means it is more difficult to machine than B-1112 (carbon steel 1212) and materials with a rating. Below is a chemical breakdown of 304 steel: <=0. Rp490. K Factor: 8. Its nominal composition is 18% chromium and 8% nickel, so it is also called 18/8 stainless steel. 4307 are also known as grades 304 and 304L respectively. SUS304 material is a Japanese JIS standard and the most commonly used stainless steel, containing 18% Cr and 8% Ni. 6 8-32 Stainless Steel Fasteners Material Length of Thread Engagement (in) Experimental Torque Applied (in-lb) Calculated Torque From Tables (in-lb) 304 Stainless Steel 7/16” between 57-60 77. Prefix- (S)Steel - (CLS)Stainless Steel. 36 It is easy to scale-up and offers stability for long-term operation of MFCs. , of high grade SS materials). The K-factor in sheet metal bending represents the ratio between the thickness of the metal and an invisible line called the “neutral axis. 4301: EN Designation: X5CrNi18-10: AISI/SAE: 304: UNS: S30400: Description. 1 × H M − M C × ( 1 − 0. 527: BTU/lb: Maximum Service Temperature: 1023: 1198: K: 1381. The span in the values may be caused by the variation in the materials themselves - or by the variation in the sources used. 4301 and 1. 4301 (AISI 304) stainless steel was used in the tests [2]. Steel Stainless Austenitic (304) 17. Typical Properties of 304 Stainless Steel From Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook (Revised) Schwartzberg et al (. The weight of stainless steel per cubic inch is 0. The material was evaluated up to 50% reduction in thickness. 2 show that Victaulic Vic-Press for Schedule 10S stainless steel fittings and Schedule 10 stainless steel pipe compliant with ASTM A-312 may be used on ASME B31. Welding of stainless steel SS304 by using optimized parameters resulted in improvement in joint tensile strength and hardness by 10. 75 for the 304L when compared to 304 [25], so sensitization takes longer to start in the 304L, as expected. We are a specialist manufacturer of long radius elbows or pipe elbows in size range of 1/2″ to 48″ in accordance with ASME B16. Our bend radius rule of thumb is the minimum radius = material thickness. It is a function of the materials' frictional characteristics, which are based. A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and . The K factor is defined as the ratio between the material thickness (T) and the neutral fibre axis (t), i.